Not every couple who lives apart is heading straight to divorce. A separation agreement formalizes the terms of living apart — property, support, and children — whether that turns into a divorce filing later or not.
What it typically covers
Most separation agreements address how property and debts are handled during the separation, whether either spouse pays support, and temporary custody or visitation arrangements if there are children.
Some states require it before divorce
A number of states require a period of separation — sometimes with a signed agreement — before a no-fault divorce can be finalized, making the agreement a practical prerequisite rather than an optional step.
It can also be the end point
Some couples separate formally and stay separated indefinitely without filing for divorce, often for reasons involving benefits, religion, or simply not being ready to divorce — the agreement still gives them enforceable terms either way.
Converting it later
If the couple does move to divorce, a well-drafted separation agreement often becomes the basis for the marital settlement agreement, which is one more reason it's worth drafting carefully the first time.